Research Methods & Study Design

o the processes, actions, or authorities involved in creating, enforcing, or interpreting rules, standards, and laws.

individuals who systematically investigate questions, problems, or phenomena to generate new knowledge, validate existing theories, or develop practical solutions.

the consistency, stability, and repeatability of a research method, measurement, or instrument.

a type of experimental study in which eligible participants are randomly assigned to one or more groups to receive different interventions, such as a new treatment, standard care, or a placebo.

a systematic investigation that focuses on collecting and analyzing numerical data to identify patterns, measure variables, and test hypotheses.

the systematic process of evaluating the quality, validity, and rigor of research studies, systematic reviews, or other forms of evidence.

an approach to inquiry that seeks to understand experiences, perceptions, meanings, and processes rather than focusing on numbers or measurable facts.

a research approach used to systematically study people’s viewpoints, opinions, or beliefs on a given topic.

the scientific field concerned with the theory and practice of measuring psychological constructs—such as personality traits, cognitive abilities, attitudes, emotions, or other latent variables.

a detailed plan or set of predefined steps to be followed in a study or project.