the collection of factors that define the studies and circumstances to which a core outcome set (COS) or research study applies. It is determined by the study’s key questions and typically outlined using the PICO framework — Population, Intervention, Comparator/Context, and Outcomes. Clearly defining the setting ensures that the COS is relevant and appropriately targeted to the intended clinical or research environment.
Synonyms: Context, Scope, Environment
Example
In developing a core outcome set for knee osteoarthritis, the setting might be defined as:
Population: Adults aged 40–75 with knee osteoarthritis
Intervention: Non-surgical management (physical therapy, medications)
Comparator/Context: Usual care or placebo-controlled studies
Outcomes: Pain reduction, improved physical function, and quality of life
This setting clarifies which types of studies and circumstances the COS is intended to apply to, ensuring consistency and relevance across research.